Does stereology predict fracture of materials
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Impact loads causing gross plastic deformationĭifficult to model regardless of forging process and heat treatment unless input loads can be predicted. Modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s Ratio, yield strength and plastic stress-strain data. Static loads developing stresses in the plastic deformation range below fracture Performance is usually better for groups B and C, but properties are more difficult to predict an may vary within the part. Minimum performance is predictable for Group A. Modulus of elasticity, Poisson's Ratio, yield strength Static loads developing stresses below yield strength Performance is predictable for all groups, but yield strength may be difficult to predict for Groups A and C. Table 3-4 Performance Predictability for Selected Design Criteria Design Criteriaĭeflection or vibration response at stress levels below yield strengthĭensity, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's Ratio Several classes of application are summarized in Table 3-4. The implications are of special interest in the preliminary design stage when computerized engineering tools such as finite element analysis or modal analysis are used. The variations in properties due to processing have various implications on design, depending on the critical requirements of the application. Warm forging, will vary with variations in cooling rate. Can be enhanced by control of grain flow.Īffected by grain flow and controlled by heat treatment.Ĭold forging, will vary with amount of grain flow. Will vary with variations in cooling rate and forging temperature. Warm forging, varies due to variations in cooling rate. Varies within the forging with section size, heat treatment and material hardenability. Subject to variations due to variations in cooling rates. Table 3.3 Effects of Processing on Mechanical Properties Propertyī: Hot, Warm or Cold Forged and Heat TreatedĬ: Warm or Cold Forged Without Heat Treatment
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Forgings are fully dense and not subjected to discontinuities, such as porosity in castings.
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Predictability is enhanced by two characteristics of forgings. In some cases an experienced forging engineer can predict properties, such as yield strength, in critical areas of the forging with reasonable accuracy. Forging reduction (deformation) which, in turn, affects grain size.Variations are caused by factors such as: In other cases, mechanical properties are altered by subsequent processes, in varying amounts and with varying degrees of predictability in the end product. In some cases they are not affected by subsequent manufacturing operations, and can be used with reasonable confidence to predict real world performance. Mechanical properties for forging alloys, like physical properties, are listed in standard reference sources.